Dropout and compliance to physical exercise in menopausal osteopenic women: the European "happy bones" project.

Introduction: Decline in muscle mass and bone density seem to be two of the most disabling side effects of menopause that negatively affect women's quality of life. Promoting physical activity protocols in the workplace can represent a focal point in the prevention and management of several diseases. The study aims to evaluate the compliance and drop-out of menopausal osteopenic women engaged in combined training performed inside and outside the workplace. Strength and balance were analyzed to evaluate the effect of this protocol on osteoporosis prevention and the risk of falling. Methods: 73 menopausal women were enrolled in 5 European countries. They performed 72 lessons of a combined training proposed in the working place (IW) or sport center (SC). Results: Out of the total 39 women enrolled in the IW, 12.8% had to leave the program, while out of the 34 women enrolled in SC, 41.2% did not complete the training. According to the compliance results, 47% of women that completed the trained IW and 85% in the SC recorded high compliance (p = 0.019). Moreover, the strength of the lower limbs (p < 0.001) and static balance (p = 0.001) significantly improved in the whole group. Discussion: In conclusion, proposing well-structured training in the workplace for menopausal women seems to reduce drop-out. Strength and balance results suggest its positive impact on bone health and risk of falls, despite where it is performed.

Metabolic control and periodontal treatment decreases elevated oxidative stress in the early phases of type 1 diabetes onset.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, increasing concern has been focused on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathology of periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Firstly, the present study aimed to analyze gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), salivary, and serum oxidative status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at diagnosis and systemically healthy children with and without gingivitis. Additionally, the diabetic patients were reevaluated after diabetes and periodontal treatment. DESIGN: The study groups were composed of 32 T1DM patients at diagnosis, and age- and gender-matched thirty-six systemically healthy children with (G) and without (H) gingivitis. The diabetic patients who took insulin therapy (1.5 units/kg/day totally) and periodontal treatment (oral hygiene education with professional scaling) were reevaluated after 3 months. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were recorded. RESULTS: GCF, salivary, and serum OSI were elevated in group T1DM compared to the other groups at baseline (p<0.05), and decreased in group T1DM at reevaluation compared to baseline (p<0.05). GCF OSI was positively correlated with periodontal clinical parameters (p<0.05). Glycated hemoglobin was positively correlated with GCF TOS (r=0.302, p=0.007), GCF OSI (r=0.346, p=0.002), salivary TOS (r=0.326, p=0.046), and serum TOS (r=0.239, p=0.044). CONCLUSION: The instability in the oxidative status that accompanies diabetes may be considered a significant pathogenic factor of diabetes-related periodontal inflammation.

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of dental resin composite containing bioactive glass.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of dental resin composites containing different amounts of microparticulate bioactive glass (BAG). METHODS: Experimental resin composites were prepared by mixing resin matrix (70% BisGMA and 30% TEGDMA) and inorganic filler with various fractions of BAG to achieve final BAG concentrations of 5, 10 and 30 wt%. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed in aqueous suspension against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and in biofilm against S. mutans. The effect of incorporation of BAG on the mechanical properties of resin composite was evaluated by measuring the surface roughness, compressive strength and flexural strength. RESULTS: Under the dynamic contact condition, viable counts of E. coli, S. aureus and S. mutans in suspensions were reduced up to 78%, 57% and 50%, respectively, after 90 minutes of exposure to disc-shaped composite specimens, depending on the BAG contents. In 2-day-old S. mutans biofilm, incorporation of BAG into composite at ratios of 10% and 30% resulted in 0.8 and 1.4 log reductions in the viable cell counts compared with the BAG-free composite, respectively. The surface roughness values of composite specimens did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) at any concentration of BAG. However, compressive and flexural strengths of composite were decreased significantly with addition of 30% BAG (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the successful utilization of BAG as a promising biomaterial in resin composites to provide antimicrobial function.

Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth after apexification with calcium silicate-based materials.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth filled with an apical barrier of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two single-rooted human maxillary central incisors were used. For standardization, the teeth were sectioned 6 mm above and 9 mm below the cementoenamel junction to simulate immature apex. Simulations of roots into immature apices were carried out using 1.5 mm diameter drills. The specimens were then randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 13) and one control group (n = 13). In experimental groups, MTA, Biodentine, and CEM were placed to apical 4 mm of the simulated immature roots. The samples were stored at 37° C and 100% humidity for 1 week. A load was applied on the crown of all teeth at 135° to their long axis until fracture. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc tests. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found among MTA, CEM, and Biodentine (P > 0.05), and these groups demonstrated higher fracture resistance than control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using any of the MTA, Biodentine, and CEM as an apical plug and restoring with fiber post and composite resin increases the fracture resistance of immature teeth.

In Vitro Evaluation of Microleakage and Microhardness of Ethanolic Extracts of Propolis in Different Proportions Added to Glass Ionomer Cement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) addition in different proportions to glass ionomer cement (GIC) on microleakage and microhardness of GIC. STUDY DESIGN: The cement was divided into four groups: one using the original composition and three with 10%, 25%, and 50% EEP added to the liquid and then manipulated. For microleakage assessment, sixty primary molars were randomly divided into four groups (n=15). Standard Class II cavities were prepared and then filled with EEP in different proportions added to GICs. Microleakage test was performed using a dye penetration method. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Disc shaped specimens were prepared from the tested GIC to determine Vickers hardness (VHN). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of microleakage (p > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the VHN values of groups (p < 0.05). Increasing addition of EEP to GIC statistically significantly increased VHN value of GIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of EEP to GIC increased the microhardness of the GIC and did not adversely affect the microleakage. Thus, it might be used during routine dental practice due to its antibacterial properties.

Effects of different instrumentation techniques on calcium hydroxide removal from simulated immature teeth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endodontic instrument systems in the removal of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] from simulated immature teeth. The root canals of 106 human single-rooted teeth were shaped with ProTaper rotary files up to an F5 file size. Simulation of roots with immature apices was carried out using size 4 green 1.5-mm diameter Unicore drills. A non-setting Ca(OH)(2) was injected into each root canal and inserted into the working length using lentulo spiral, after which cotton pellets were placed over canal orifices. The apical and coronal side of the roots were then sealed with glass ionomer cement and light cured. Specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 months at 37 °C. After 3 months, the temporary coronal seal was removed and the samples were randomly divided into five experimental groups according to the method used for Ca(OH)(2) removal (ProTaper, Reciproc, OneShape, WaveOne, and Manual) (n = 20), one positive control group (n = 3) and one negative control group (n = 3). The amount of remaining Ca(OH)(2) in the canal walls was measured under a stereomicroscope at 30× magnification. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05. Positive and negative control groups were found to be statistically different from all other groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the ProTaper, Reciproc, OneShape, WaveOne, and Manual groups (p > 0.05). As a conclusion, none of the techniques completely removed Ca(OH)(2) from simulated immature teeth.

Shear Bond Strength of a Self-adhering Flowable Composite and a Flowable Base Composite to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Calcium-enriched Mixture Cement, and Biodentine.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhering flowable composite (Vertise Flow; Kerr, Orange, CA) and a flowable composite (X-tra base; Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (Septodent, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France), and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM; Yektazist Dandan, Tehran, Iran). METHODS: Sixty cylindric acrylic blocks with a hole (3 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height) were prepared. The acrylic blocks were filled with MTA, Biodentine, and CEM (n = 20) and accordingly allocated into 3 groups. The specimens were stored for 72 hours at 37°C and 100% humidity. Then, each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the composite resin type used (n = 10). Vertise Flow and X-tra base were applied over MTA, Biodentine, and CEM and then polymerized. SBS was tested in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test. RESULTS: The Vertise Flow-CEM and X-tra base-MTA groups showed significantly higher SBS values than the group made of Vertise flow-Biodentine (P < .05). There were no statistically significant differences among the other groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: MTA and CEM exhibited higher SBS than Biodentine; therefore, they could be preferred under flowable composites.

Effectiveness of different irrigation solutions on triple antibiotic paste removal from simulated immature root canal.

To evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation solutions and ultrasonic activation of irrigation solutions on removal of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) from root canals of the simulated immature teeth. Fifty single-rooted teeth were used. TAP was placed into each root canal, and specimens were stored in distilled water for 4 weeks at 37°C. After 4 weeks, the temporary coronal seal was removed and the samples were randomly divided into five groups as follows: (i) saline; (ii) ultrasonic activation of saline; (iii) NaOCl; (iv) ultrasonic activation of NaOCl; (v) chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). The amount of remaining TAP on the canal walls was measured under stereomicroscope with 30× magnification. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test at a significance level of 0.05. There were statistically differences among CHX and ultrasonic activation of NaOCl and other groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the ultrasonic activation of saline, NaOCl, and saline groups (p > 0.05). Irrigation solutions and ultrasonic activation of the irrigation solutions could not completely remove the triple antibiotic paste from simulated immature root canals. Ultrasonic activation of the NaOCl gave the best and CHX was the worst results.

Effect of increased exposure times on amount of residual monomer released from single-step self-etch adhesives.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increased exposure times on the amount of residual Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, HEMA and UDMA released from single-step self-etch adhesive systems. METHODS: Two adhesive systems were used. The adhesives were applied to bovine dentin surface according to the manufacturer's instructions and were polymerized using an LED curing unit for 10, 20 and 40 seconds (n = 5). After polymerization, the specimens were stored in 75% ethanol-water solution (6 mL). Residual monomers (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA and HEMA) that were eluted from the adhesives (after 10 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days and 30 days) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests. RESULTS: Among the time periods, the highest amount of released residual monomers from adhesives was observed in the 10th minute. There were statistically significant differences regarding released Bis-GMA, UDMA, HEMA and TEGDMA between the adhesive systems (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among the 10, 20 and 40 second polymerization times according to their effect on residual monomer release from adhesives (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the polymerization time did not have an effect on residual monomer release from single-step self-etch adhesives.

Fracture strength of roots instrumented with three different single file systems in curved root canals.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture strength of roots instrumented with three different single file rotary systems in curved mesial root canals of maxillary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Curvatures of 25°-35° on mesial roots of 60 maxillary molar teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction to obtain roots 11 mm in length. The roots were balanced with respect to buccolingual and mesiodistal diameter and weight. They were distributed into three experimental groups and one control group (no instrumentation) (n = 15): Reciproc rotary file (R25, VDW, Munich, Germany), WaveOne Primary rotary file (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, UK) and OneShape (Micro-Mega, Besancon, France) rotary file. Vertical load was applied until fracture occurred. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean fracture load was 412 ± 72 Newton (N) for the control group, 395 ± 69 N for the Reciproc group, 373 ± 63 N for the WaveOne group and 332 ± 68 N for the OneShape group. The fracture load differences among three experimental groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05.) Whereas, the fracture loads of control and OneShape groups were significantly different (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Fracture resistance of the roots instrumented with WaveOne and Reciproc file systems were similar to the control group whereas it was observed that OneShape rotary file systems enhance the fracture strength of standardized curved roots when compared with the control group.

Effect of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of two self-adhesive flowable composites.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of two different self-adhesive flowable composite materials (SACs) to dentin. Forty extracted human molars were horizontally flattened to expose the dentin surfaces. The teeth were divided into eight groups according to the surface treatments (acid etching, Er:YAG laser quantum square pulse (QSP) mode, and Er:YAG laser medium-short pulse (MSP) mode at 10 Hz, 1.2 W, 120 mJ, and control-SiC) and SAC type (Vertise Flow and Fusio Liquid Dentin) (n = 5). Light cured 4-mm-high composite build-ups were made on the dentin surfaces, and the specimens were sectioned into serial sticks (n = 15). Later, the specimens were attached to microtensile testing machine and tensile force was applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure occurred. The failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification, and one sample from each group was used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation. The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). In all surface treatment groups along with the control groups, Vertise Flow showed better µTBS than the Fusio Liquid Dentin with the exception of the Er:YAG MSP mode surface treatment (p < 0.05). Etching with phosphoric acid and the Er:YAG QSP mode surface treatment significantly increased the µTBS of Vertise Flow (p < 0.05). Etching with phosphoric acid, Er:YAG QSP mode surface treatment, and Er:YAG MSP mode surface treatment significantly increased the µTBS of Fusio Liquid Dentin (p < 0.05). The µTBS of Vertise Flow was higher than the µTBS of Fusio Liquid Dentin. The Er:YAG laser irradiation increased the µTBS of both self-adhesive flowable resin composites in two pulse modes tested (MSP or QSP). However, the highest µTBS was recorded when Vertise Flow was applied with acid etching.

Evaluation of HEMA released from four different adhesive systems by HPLC.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the elution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) from 4 different adhesives, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adhesives were applied on a bovine dentin surface and polymerized using an LED curing unit (n=5). After polymerization, specimens were stored in 75% ethanol solution (6 mL). Residual HEMA that was eluted from adhesives (after 10 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, 7 days and 30 days) was analyzed using HPLC. Statistical analyses were performed using 1-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test and paired 2-sample t-test. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences among adhesive systems for the cumulative released HEMA and among the time periods (p<0.05). Clearfil SE Bond showed the highest amount of HEMA released, while Easy Bond showed the lowest. Among the time periods, the highest eluted HEMA value was detected in 10 minutes for all adhesives, and elution continued for up to 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: The HEMA eluted from adhesives was in different amounts, and the elution continued for a long time. The amount of eluted HEMA from adhesives used in this study was not viewed as critical for toxic reactions in biological tissues.

Effectiveness of different irrigation protocols on calcium hydroxide removal from simulated immature teeth after apexification.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation solutions and ultrasonic activation of the irrigation solutions on the removal of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) from the simulated immature root canals after apexification. Materials and methods: One-hundred and one single-rooted teeth were used. The root canals were shaped with ProTaper rotary files up to F5. Simulation of roots with immature apices was carried out using size 4 Unicore drills. An injectable Ca(OH)2 was injected into each root canal, and packed to the working length. Then, cotton pellets were placed over canal orifices, and apical and coronal parts of the roots were sealed with resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and light cured. Specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 months at 37°C. After 3 months, the temporary coronal seal was removed and the samples were randomly divided into: (a) saline (n = 20), (b) ultrasonic activation of saline (n = 20), (c) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (n = 20), (d) ultrasonic activation of NaOCl (n = 15), (e) chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) (n = 20) and one positive control group (n = 3) and one negative control group (n = 3). The amount of remaining Ca(OH)2 on the canal walls was measured under stereomicroscope with 30× magnification. Comparisons between groups were made by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn post-test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: There were no significant differences among the saline, ultrasonic activation of saline, NaOCl, ultrasonic activation of NaOCl and CHX (p > 0.05) groups. Conclusions: Irrigation solutions and ultrasonic activation of the irrigation solutions could not completely remove Ca(OH)2 from the simulated immature root canals.

Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II: clinical findings and dental management of a child patient.

Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II) is an unusual autosomal recessive inherited form of primordial dwarfism, which is characterized by a small head diameter at birth, but which also progresses to severe microcephaly, progressive bony dysplasia, and characteristic facies and personality. This report presents a case of a five-year-old girl with MOPD II syndrome. The patient was referred to our clinic with the complaint of severe tooth pain at the left mandibular primary molar teeth. Clinical examination revealed that most of the primary teeth had been decayed and all primary teeth were hypoplastic. Patient's history revealed delayed development in the primary dentition and radiographic examination showed rootless primary molar teeth and short-rooted incisors. The treatment was not possible due to the lack of root of the left mandibular primary molars; so the teeth were extracted. Thorough and timely dental evaluation is crucial for the prevention of dental problems and the maintenance of oral health in patients with MOPD II syndrome is of utmost importance.

Applicability of the Demirjian method for dental age estimation in western Turkish children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether the Demirjian method would be appropriate for estimation of the dental age of western Turkish children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study comprised 635 Turkish children (age = 7-16 years) from the western Aegean region who were chosen on the basis of radiological evidence from digital orthopantomograms. Their dental maturity was evaluated according to the stages proposed by Demirjian. A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean difference between the chronological and dental ages ranged from 0.10-0.76 years for males and from 0.28-0.87 years for females. CONCLUSION: The applicability of the Demirjian method is not suitable for western Turkish children and western Turkish children have a lower degree of dental maturity than that observed in the eastern, northeastern and northern Turkish subjects.

Evaluation of technical quality and periapical health of root-filled teeth by using cone-beam CT

Objective This study aimed to assess the quality of root fillings, coronal restorations, complications of all root-filled teeth and their association with apical periodontitis (AP) detected by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from an adult Turkish subpopulation. Material and Methods The sample for this study consisted of 242 patients (aging from 15 to 72 years) with 522 endodontically treated teeth that were assessed for technical quality of the root canal filling and periapical status of the teeth. Additionally, the apical status of each root-filled tooth was assessed according to the gender, dental arch, tooth type and age classification, undetected canals, instrument fracture, root fracture, apical resorption, apical lesion, furcation lesion and type and quality of the coronal structure. Statistical analysis was performed using percentages and chi-square test. Results The success rate of the root canal treatment was of 54.4%. The success rates of adequate and inadequate root canal treatment were not significantly different (p>0.05). Apical periodontitis was found in 228 (45.6%) teeth treated for root canals. Higher prevalence of AP was found in patients aging from 20 to 29 years [64 (27%) teeth] and in anterior (canines and incisors) teeth [97 (41%) teeth]. Conclusions The technical quality of root canal filling performed by dental practitioners in a Turkish subpopulation was consistent with a high prevalence of AP. The probable reasons for this failure are multifactorial, and there may be a need for improved undergraduate education and postgraduate courses to improve the clinical skills of dental practitioners in endodontics. .

A cone-beam computed tomography study of the root canal morphology of anterior teeth in a Turkish population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the root and canal morphology of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in a Turkish population by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images of 417 females and 410 males with a mean age of ranging from 14 to 70 years were examined in this study. A total of 1453 maxillary central incisors, 1504 maxillary lateral incisors, 1523 maxillary canines, 1582 mandibular central incisors, 1603 mandibular lateral incisors, and 1604 mandibular canines were analyzed. The number of root canals and the canal configurations were investigated and then were classified according to Vertucci's classification. The data were analyzed with the Pearson Chi-square test. RESULTS: The Type 1 canal configuration was most prevalent in the maxillary anterior teeth (96.8-99.7%). The Types 2, 3, 4, and 5 canal configurations were observed within the range of 0-1.3%, 0-0.8%, 0-0.7%, and 0-1.8%, respectively. In the mandibular anterior teeth, the Type 1 canal configuration was most prevalent (77-95%). The Types 2, 3, 4, and 5 canal configurations were observed within a range of 0.2-2.7%, 0.2-1.6%, 0.9-5.9%, and 1.8-14.4%, respectively. The prevalence of two canals was higher in males than in females both in the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Type 1 was the most prevalent canal configuration of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in the Turkish population. Type 5 was the most frequently observed canal configuration of the two canalled teeth. The incidence of root canal numbers and configurations differed with sex.

Evaluation of the root and canal morphology of mandibular permanent molars in a south-eastern Turkish population using cone-beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the root and canal morphology of the mandibular first and second permanent molars in a Turkish population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images of mandibular first (n = 966) and second molar (n = 1165) teeth from 850 Turkish patients were evaluated. The root canal configurations were classified according to the method of Vertucci. The data were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-square test. RESULTS: The majority of mandibular molars were two rooted with three canals; however, three roots were identified in 0.05% of the first molars and 0.01% of the second molars, and 100% of the additional root canals were of type I configuration. Mesial roots had more complex canal systems with more than one canal, whereas most distal roots had a type I configuration. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that CBCT scanning provides supplemental information about the root canal configurations of mandibular molars in a Turkish population. This study may help clinicians in the root canal treatment of mandibular molars.

Management of an intruded primary central incisor with a natural crown under general anesthesia.

Tooth intrusion is the most common trauma during early infancy. Primary maxillary central incisors are the most affected teeth. There are a few treatment approaches which depend upon the severity of the trauma, and the treatment must be managed professionally. In this case report, a 3-year-old girl with a history of trauma 40 days before referring to our pediatric clinic is presented. Deciduous maxillary right central incisor was intruded through labial and alveolar socket and completely covered with soft tissue. The intruded deciduous incisor tooth was surgically extracted and impression was taken under general anesthesia. The removable partial prosthesis was completed by using the patient's own extracted tooth. Using natural crown on removable prosthesis gives psychological satisfaction to the patient and his/her family, and can be better tolerated since its shape, size, and color are exactly in harmony.

Evaluation of the relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and the sinus floor using cone-beam computed tomography.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between each root of maxillary premolars and molars and the maxillary sinus floor according to sex, sinus position, and age by decade in a Turkish population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning. METHODOLOGY: We evaluated a database of 5,166 (2,680 maxillary premolars and 2,486 maxillary molars) CBCT scans obtained from 849 patients. The vertical relationship between each root of the molar and premolar teeth to the sinus floor was classified into three types: type 1, the roots penetrated into the sinus floor; type 2, the roots contacted the sinus floor; and type 3, the roots extended below the sinus floor. RESULTS: The results of the classification of each root in relationship to the sinus floor were as follows: type 3 occurred most frequently in the first (92.4 %) and second (71.6 %) premolar teeth, type 1 (34.2 %) occurred most frequently in the palatinal roots of the first molar teeth, type 3 occurred most frequently in the mesiobuccal (39.9 %) and distobuccal (39.7 %) roots of the first molar teeth, and type 2 (36.7 %) occurred most frequently in the mesiobuccal roots of the second molar teeth. No significant differences were found between the left and right sides, but several differences were found between males and females. The relationship between the posterior teeth and the sinus floor differed according to the age decade interval (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The maxillary first premolars have no relationship with the maxillary sinus floor, but the maxillary second molars are closer to the sinus floor. Also the second decade and males were most susceptible to undesirable results.